Divine Word International Journal of Management and Humanities (DWIJMH) (ISSN: 2980-4817)
Divine Word International Journal of Management and Humanities is owned and managed by Divine Word College of Laoag, and it is intended to publish quality research papers coming from different parts of the world, not limited to the institution with which the journal is affiliated. The journal concentrates on business management, education management, ethics, applied theology, Philosophy, and anthropology, and publishes four times a year (quarterly). This is an open-access journal, meaning all contents are freely available to users or their institution without charge. It focuses on the latest discussion on business management, education, ethics, theology, sociology, philosophy, and anthropology. It provides a platform for faculty or professors of business management, education, business ethics, anthropology, philosophy, and theology to publish and distribute their noble research findings in those areas. The target audiences of the journal are academicians, researchers, and practitioners
DWIJMH owns the research output but every research proponent reserves the right to authorship. Ownership of the copyright shall be in the name of the author(s). The Divine Word Publication shall have the first option to publish the manuscript of the research output. By submitting the research paper to the Divine Word Publication, the author and co-authors have declared that the paper has not been published in other publications.
Accounting students' awareness and perceptions of sustainable business practices: A descriptive-correlational study
This study explored the level of awareness of sustainable business practices among accounting students at Divine Word College of Laoag, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. A quantitative-descriptive correlational design was used to gather data through a structured survey from 161 BS Accountancy and BS Management Accounting students. The student profile was analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage, while the degree of seriousness of problems encountered and level of awareness about sustainable business practices were measured by means. In addition, some relationships between the students' profiles, perceived barriers, and awareness were examined through Pearson's r correlation and ANOVA. The findings indicated that, on the whole, students' awareness is high, with environmental considerations rated highest, followed by economic and social dimensions. However, moderate educational exposure and engagement suggest a gap between theoretical understanding and practical application. Statistical analysis showed significant relationships between degree program and year level with both awareness and perceived barriers, whereas age and sex showed no significant influence, highlighting the importance of structured academic exposure over personal demographics. The study concluded that accounting students at Divine Word College of Laoag are generally aware of sustainable business practices, especially environmental stewardship, with awareness influenced more by program and year level than by age or sex. However, knowledge is largely theoretical due to limited curriculum integration, few real-life examples, and constrained faculty expertise. Enhancing curriculum and providing practical learning experiences can better prepare students to apply sustainability principles responsibly in their future careers. The study concludes that academic exposure and curriculum integration have a very significant effect on enhancing the sustainability awareness of accounting students. It also prescribes the integration of sustainability-focused courses, opportunities for experiential learning, and increased faculty training to equip future accountants with the knowledge, skills, and ethical responsibility necessary to effectively contribute toward sustainable development goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rhea Mae Somejo, Julliana Kassandra Cabusao, Nicole Mercado, Michelle Mae Riton, Shaira Camille Tapar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Examining the interplay dynamics of business profile, credit risk management practices, problems encountered in CRM, and financial performance of the sari-sari store in Laoag City
This study assessed the credit risk management practices and its effect on the financial performance of sari-sari stores in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Adopting a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, the investigation focused on registered store owners operational for at least two years, utilizing data derived from a computed sample size of 310, based on the total population of 1,351 registered stores. Data were systematically gathered through a four-part survey questionnaire developed and adapted from related literature and translated into Iloko which collected information on store profile, CRM practices, and the financial performance indicators of sales, profitability, and accounts receivable turnover. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, weighted mean, Spearman’s rho, and Pearson r. Results showed that CRM was practiced to a moderate extent, yet owners experienced slightly serious problems, especially in collection strategies, followed by credit policies and record-keeping practices Financial performance was found to be moderate, with slow accounts receivable turnover. Spearman’s rho analysis indicated that store profile variables were not significantly related to extent of CRM practices, although some profile factors, were partially associated with level of financial performance. Pearson correlation showed that the extent of CRM practices was not significantly related to either the seriousness of problems encountered or overall financial performance. However, the degree of seriousness of specific CRM problems encountered had a partial influence on accounts receivable turnover, while other financial indicators were unaffected. The study concluded that, while sari-sari store owners in Laoag City generally practice credit risk management to a moderate to high extent, these practices do not significantly influence their financial performance. This suggests that credit decisions among micro-retailers remain largely informal and trust-based rather than guided by structured systems. It recommended the adoption of clearer credit policies and the gradual integration of digital record-keeping tools to strengthen credit management efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Keem Faye Sacsac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tourists’ perception of destination attractiveness and propensity in the tourism industries in Zamboanga Del Norte
This study aimed to determine destination attractiveness and its effects on tourists’ destination propensity/preferences in the tourism industry of Zamboanga del Norte during Calendar Year 2023. It employed descriptive-survey and descriptive-correlational research methods. The statistical tools used were the weighted mean, standard deviation, and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient, with hypotheses tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that tourism destinations in Zamboanga del Norte were perceived as very highly attractive and were very highly preferred. A significant and strong positive correlation between destination attractiveness and destination propensity/preference was also found. Based on the findings and conclusions, it is recommended that the Department of Tourism use this study as a model of best practices that may be shared with other provinces. Local Government Units (LGUs) may also consider the results as a basis for policy formulation to enhance local tourism and revenue. In addition, managers of tourism establishments may use the findings to improve service delivery. Finally, tourists and future researchers may benefit from the study’s contribution to tourism planning and development.
Copyright (c) 2026 LEO NAPAROTA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The relationship between sustainability practices and firm Performance in local restaurants in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
A B S T R A C T This study was conducted to determine the sustainable practices and their effects on the firm performance of local restaurants in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational research approach, data were gathered from 16 local restaurants via a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using statistical methods, including frequency and percentage, weighted mean, Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rho, and Pearson-r correlation. Findings revealed that the extent of sustainability practices among local restaurants was rated high. The degree of seriousness of problems encountered was rated moderately serious, while the overall firm performance was rated high. Results further showed that the form of business organization and years in operation had no significant effect on sustainability or firm performance. However, significant negative relationships were found between average monthly sales, net income, and selected sustainability and performance indicators. Sustainability practices were found to be significantly and negatively associated with the severity of problems encountered and positively associated with both financial and non-financial performance. Moreover, problem seriousness was negatively correlated with firm performance. The study concluded that sustainability integration enhances restaurant performance by improving efficiency, profitability, and customer satisfaction while reducing operational challenges. Restaurant owners should institutionalize sustainability as a core business strategy through staff training, adopt energy and water-saving technologies, and implement proper waste segregation. Local governments must support BMBE registration, grant tax exemptions, and offer incentives such as property tax rebates, reduced permit fees, grants, low-interest loans, and technical assistance for water and energy savings and waste management. Partnerships with local producers should be promoted to build sustainable supply chains. Policymakers should reward sustainable practices with recognition, awards, and access to contracts, and integrate sustainability into regulations. Future research may replicate the study in other areas and include customer perception and digital innovation to further examine the long-term effects of sustainability on business performance in the restaurant sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Kayla Arzaga, Irish Faye Castillo, Elizabeth Agullana, Cheriza Niña Cabuyadao, Jazzmin Suzane Marcellana, Venna Ivy Alcid, Jesus Reyes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Construction companies' awareness and perceptions of eFPS: A correlational study
Generally, this study determined the effectiveness of the Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFPS) among construction companies in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Specifically, it explored the level of awareness, challenges, and effectiveness of the Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFPS) among construction companies in Ilocos Norte, Philippines, and examined the relationships between business profile, awareness, challenges, and system effectiveness. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from 33 construction companies through a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools such as frequency and percentage, weighted mean, Spearman’s rho, Mann–Whitney U test, and Pearson-r correlation. Findings revealed that regardless of ownership structure, construction companies collectively serve as indispensable agents of progress. Construction companies exhibited a very high level of awareness of eFPS, particularly in technical competence and knowledge, while awareness of cost and benefit was slightly lower. The degree of seriousness of challenges encountered was rated as serious, with system errors and incorrect data entries identified as the most pressing issues. The effectiveness of eFPS was perceived as effective overall, with perceived usefulness rated higher than convenience. Statistical analysis showed that certain business profile variables, specifically capitalization and number of employees, were significantly related to awareness on eFPS, while form of ownership, revenue, and years in operation had no significant influence. Moreover, higher technical competence and knowledge were significantly associated with fewer challenges, and higher awareness positively correlated with greater perceived effectiveness of eFPS. Conversely, the seriousness of challenges negatively affected the convenience of system use. The study concluded that technical knowledge and awareness are key drivers in maximizing the benefits and minimizing the difficulties of eFPS use among construction companies. It is recommended that companies enhance staff training and internal processes, the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) strengthen system reliability and user support, and other taxpayers adopt best practices in digital compliance. Future research may expand the study to other industries, larger samples, or include factors such as digital literacy and organizational culture to further explore the long-term impact of electronic filing systems on business efficiency and compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rainier Nepthalie Ulep, Matt Cortez, Cyrus Jerome Dela Cruz, GoddessNorie DeGuzman, Princess Dianne Gabriel, Dianne Nicole Gappi, Christian Tabernero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The SBA students' financial literacy and family business success: A correlational study
ABSTRACT This research studied the effect of financial literacy on the financial performance of family-owned businesses managed or assisted by students from the School of Business and Accountancy (SBA) at Divine Word College of Laoag, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Financial literacy was analyzed using the three dimensions; financial knowledge, financial awareness, and financial behavior while business performance was assessed using return on assets (ROA), net cash flow (NCF), and sales. Using a descriptive–correlational approach, data were gathered from 68 SBA students actively involved in their family enterprises. Findings revealed that students demonstrated strong financial literacy particularly in financial knowledge and financial awareness. However, statistical analyses showed no significant relationship was found between financial literacy and financial performance. Among the profile variables, only sex showed a significant association with return on asset, while age, degree program, and year level yielded no meaningful connections. These results suggest that although SBA students possess strong financial competencies, financial literacy alone does not independently improve the financial performance of family-owned businesses. Contextual and structural factors—such as students’ limited decision-making authority, family-driven management practices, operational experience, and prevailing market conditions are likely more influential in determining business results. This study highlights the importance of enhancing hands-on learning methods, such as internships, business simulations, and mentorship, to enhance the application of financial concepts in real business settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Derick Pascua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Measuring the effect of business profile, financial challenges, and sustainability practices of the coffee shops on their profitability
This study examined the sustainability practices of local coffee shops in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, and its effect on profitability. A descriptive-correlational research design was used, involving 17 coffee shops that had been operating for at least two years. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire capturing business profile characteristics, the extent of sustainability practices across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, challenges encountered, and profitability indicators, including return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and return on sales (ROS). Statistical tools included frequency, percentage, weighted mean, Pearson’s r, and Spearman’s rho. The business profile revealed that local coffee shops are primarily micro businesses, relatively new, minimally staffed, and modestly capitalized, with most generating low monthly sales and limited income. Findings showed a high extent of sustainability practices across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, indicating consistent integration of responsible business operations. Coffee shops face significant challenges, particularly cost and financial constraints and market competition, with moderate concerns regarding revenue, customer willingness to pay, return on investment, and business growth. Profitability remained high across ROA, ROE, and ROS. Results showed that the number of employees and average monthly sales were significantly associated with sustainability practices, while years in operation and number of employees were significantly related to profitability. Other profile variables, including ownership form, location, and capitalization, showed no significant effect. Economic and social sustainability practices were linked to higher financial challenges, yet profitability remained resilient. In conclusion, local coffee shops demonstrate that sustainability can coexist with financial efficiency, with workforce size and sales capacity driving adoption more than structural factors. Owners should focus on workforce development, operational efficiency, and leveraging sales for sustainability, while the LGU can provide training, incentives, and knowledge-sharing. Future research should explore long-term impacts on growth, customer loyalty, and resilience and compare practices across regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angelika Madayag, Trell Angeline Bonoen, Pearl Janine Rosales, Marjie Lyn Bumagat, Suerte Mae Delim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Accounting knowledge, practices, and financial performance of sari-sari stores: A descriptive-correlational study
This study was conducted to determine the effect of accounting knowledge, practices, and controls on the financial performance of sari-sari stores in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from 319 sari-sari store owners through a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools such as weighted mean, t-test, ANOVA, Spearman’s rho, and Pearson-r correlation. Findings revealed that sari-sari store owners in Laoag City are mostly middle-aged, married women with relatively high educational attainment, as nearly half are college graduates. Most stores operate with low initial capital but show growth in current capitalization and generate modest monthly sales. The extent of accounting knowledge among sari-sari store owners was rated high, while the extent of accounting practice application was rated moderate to high, indicating that most owners understand accounting concepts but vary in the consistency of their application. The degree of seriousness of operational problems was found to be moderately serious. The overall financial performance was assessed as moderate. Results further showed that educational attainment and capitalization levels significantly influence financial performance. Likewise, both the extent of accounting knowledge and the extent of accounting practice application were found to have significant positive relationships with sales, return on assets, and cash flows. Meanwhile, operational problems exhibited a partial but significant relationship with financial performance, where external problems had stronger effects compared to internal ones. The study concluded that adequate accounting knowledge and consistent application of accounting practices and controls contribute to enhanced financial performance of sari-sari stores, particularly in profitability, asset management, and liquidity. It is recommended that store owners adopt systematic recordkeeping, utilize digital accounting tools, and participate in financial literacy training to improve decision-making and business sustainability. Government agencies such as DTI, DOST, and LGUs are encouraged to provide capacity-building programs, microfinancing support, and technical assistance to help microentrepreneurs sustain growth. Future research may replicate the study in other areas or include additional variables such as marketing strategies, technological adoption, and customer relationship management to further explore the determinants of financial performance among sari-sari stores in the Philippines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Merry Grace Layugan, Maria Regine Nening, Kaizer Jay Pascua, Princess Arconado, Blessing Vila, Hanna Althea Baltazar, Bibeth L. Macatumas-Corpuz, CPA, Ph.D. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
E-payment adoption and financial performance of local food establishments: A correlational study
Generally, this study determined the adoption of e-payments (e-payments) and its effect on the financial performance of local food establishments in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from 22 local food establishments through a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools such as frequency and percentage, weighted mean, Mann–Whitney U test , Spearman’s rho, , and Pearson-r correlation. Findings revealed that most local food establishments in Laoag City are sole proprietorships, relatively young, and operating with varied capitalization and sales levels. Credit and debit cards were the most commonly used e-payment channels, followed by GCash and bank transfers. The extent of e-payment effects was rated high, with perceived usefulness emerging as the strongest dimension, followed by ease of use and effects on revenues. Challenges were found to be moderately serious, primarily involving unstable internet connections and system errors. The level of financial performance was also rated high, indicating that e-payment adoption contributes positively to sales, profitability, and return on investment. Correlation results showed no significant relationship between business profile and e-payment effects. However, a significant negative relationship was found between e-payment effects and challenges. Likewise, business profile showed no significant relationship with challenges. The extent of e-payment effects demonstrated a significant positive relationship with financial performance, while challenges were negatively related to financial performance. The study concluded that the adoption of e-payments among local food establishments in Laoag City is effective and yields a high level of financial performance. It underscores the importance of improving internet stability, system reliability, and digital literacy to further enhance operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. It is recommended that food establishment owners strengthen e-payment implementation, e-payment providers improve system support, and government agencies promote digital infrastructure development. Future researchers may explore epayment adoption in other sectors and investigate its long-term impacts on business growth and customer loyalty
Copyright (c) 2026 Derick Aceret, Alexandra Nacino, Nethaneel Manangbao, Jenny-Lyn Basug, Gwyneth Pagdilao, Jolina Luna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reducing power distance cultural practice, maintaining bureaucratic management practice to enhance the basic psychological need satisfaction: The educational context
The study aimed to examine the effects of power distance organizational culture and bureaucratic management practices on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. To deepen the study's theoretical framework, the literature was reviewed. The study used a descriptive assessment and correlational research design. The study population comprised all DWCL employees. Questionnaires were used to gather the data. The study found that power distance culture and bureaucratic management were moderate, while basic psychological need satisfaction was high. However, the correlation analysis suggests a significant negative correlation between power distance culture and basic psychological need satisfaction. In other words, as power distance increases, employees' autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs tend to decrease. Thus, the hypothesis is accepted. This finding implies that high-power distance culture tends to lower the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. There was no correlation between bureaucratic management and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and therefore, the hypothesis is rejected.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damianus Abun, Eldefonso B. Natividad, Edly A. Agbisit, Libertine Gertrude R. Macaspac, Frelyn B. Ranay, Reena M. Ramelb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Developing employees’ green behavior by balancing both environmental attitudes: Ecocentrism and anthropocentrism
The study aimed to examine the influence of employees' environmental attitude on their green behavior. To deepen the study's theoretical foundations, the literature was reviewed. The study used a descriptive assessment and correlational research design. The study population comprised all employees of Divine Word College of Laoag. The questionnaires were used to gather the data. The study found that, overall, employees' attitude toward the environment was high, and the same was true for green behavior. The correlation analysis found a significant relationship between environmental attitudes and employees' green behavior. Therefore, the study's hypothesis is accepted. The study also recognized its limitations due to the limited population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damianus Abun, Fredolin P. Julian, Elita Bielza-Valdez, Theogenia Magallanes, Jecel M. Mansueto, Micah T. Sallong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Can work ethics enhance work motivation and innovative work behavior? An educational setting
The study aimed to investigate the influence of work ethics on work motivation and innovative work behavior. To deepen understanding of the study's theories, the literature was reviewed. The study used descriptive assessment and a correlational research design. The population consisted of the institution's employees, and research questionnaires were used to collect the data. The study found that employees' work ethics, work motivation, and innovative work behavior were high. However, in the context of an educational setting, the correlation analysis suggests that there is no correlation between work ethics and work motivation and work ethics and innovative work behavior. Therefore, the study's hypotheses are rejected. The study enriches the discussion on the role of work ethics for enhancing work motivation and innovative work behavior. The study argues that the influence of work ethics on work motivation and innovative work behavior depends on the social environment or organizational context. The study recognizes its limitations and, consequently, it is suggested that further studies on a similar topic be conducted to include a broader population and more variables.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damianus Abun, Eldefonso B. Natividad, Edly A. Agbisit, Margarita A. Galat, Bernadette E. Ambrocio, Reina B. Agudelo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quick asset management and performance of pottery-making businesses: A correlational study
This study assessed the quick asset management and its effect on the firm performance of pottery-making businesses of San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte. Utilizing a descriptive correlational research design and survey data from 34 pottery-making business FRESHEowners, the study examined the business profile, quick asset management and associated problems. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, weighted mean, and Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient (Spearman’s Rho). Findings revealed that pottery-making businesses in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte, Philippines are well-established, with experienced operators sustaining the industry. However, owners often lack formal financial education and literacy, resulting in several operational challenges. These include inadequate use of forecasting tools, limited understanding of cash-flow patterns, insufficient systems for monitoring collections, and restricted access to modern tools and equipment. Such weaknesses can hinder financial efficiency and overall business performance. This study concludes that pottery-making businesses with continuous years of operation, still indicates weak structure of financial performance. In contrast, the non-financial performance of pottery-making businesses contributed in maintaining the years of operation of pottery-making businesses. Recommendations include strengthening financial management skills, encouraging use of simple bookkeeping, taking advantage of online market platforms and local trade fairs, providing skills and entrepreneurship training, and further research.
Copyright (c) 2026 MA. JOHANNA FEI CALAPINI TUNGPALAN , DIMPLE ARDELYN ACERET, ANGEL LYN ARAIZ, VERONICA LOUISSE BELTRAN, FRESHELEE ANDRAE GANSIT, BIBETH MACATUMBAS CORPUZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Factors influencing academic performance of accounting students: A correlational study
Academic performance was found to be influenced to a high extent by various factors, with teacher-related factors having the strongest influence and home-related factors the weakest. In terms of performance, students reported high levels of achievement subjectively, with engaging teaching styles motivating them, though comprehension without prior preparation remained a challenge. Objectively, most students achieved grades in the 1.51–2.00 range, with no failing marks, reflecting strong academic standing overall. Demographic variables such as age, course, and year level showed no significant relationship with performance, though sex was found to have a modest positive correlation with actual grades.Also, the analysis confirmed that student-related, home-related, school-related, and teacher-related factors all significantly influenced both subjective and objective performance. The findings concluded that academic achievement is best understood as the product of personal drive reinforced by supportive environments and effective teaching practices.Strengthening motivation, improving learning facilities, and enhancing teaching practices are recommended to sustain and improve student achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayah Yessahmin Menor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing the level of awareness and compliance with the Ease of Paying Taxes (EOPT) Act among local eateries in Laoag City: Basis for compliance enhancement
Generally, this study was conducted to formulate strategies to enhance compliance with the provisions of Ease of Paying Taxes (EOPT) Act among local eateries in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study gathered data from 86 local eatery owners using a structured survey questionnaire. Statistical tools such as frequency count and percentage, weighted mean, binary logistic regression, and Pearson-r were utilized. Findings revealed that respondents were slightly aware of the EOPT Act’s provisions. The degree of seriousness of problems encountered was rated very serious. While, the extent of compliance was generally low. Regression results indicated that awareness of withholding taxes significantly influenced compliance, while other areas did not. Furthermore, awareness and problem seriousness were significantly correlated, and problem seriousness significantly affected compliance. The study concludes that awareness plays a crucial role in shaping compliance behavior, but greater awareness also heightens recognition of compliance barriers. Strengthening taxpayer education, enhancing access to accounting support, and fostering collaboration between the Bureau of Internal Revenue and local stakeholders are essential strategies to improve awareness and voluntary compliance with the EOPT Act among small and micro enterprises. Future research may expand to other cities or business sectors to allow comparative analysis and to assess the long-term impact of the EOPT Act on taxpayer behavior and compliance efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elleina, Fea, Bambi, Rico, Khen, Jess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sources of happiness of non-SPED teachers teaching learners with disabilities and their learning experiences in inclusive classrooms
Abstract This study explored the lived experiences of non-SPED teachers teaching learners with disabilities to identify the sources of happiness that sustain their well-being and instructional engagement in inclusive classrooms. Using a descriptive phenomenological design, six non-SPED teachers from public schools in Vintar I District participated in semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaires analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis. The findings revealed four major sources of happiness—emotional connection with learners, professional growth and competence, social and institutional support, and meaning and purpose in teaching—which collectively fostered motivation, resilience, instructional commitment, and positive classroom environments. The results highlight that teacher happiness functions as a vital psychological resource in inclusive education and underscore the need for strengthened professional development, supportive leadership, and psychosocial support systems to sustain effective and meaningful inclusive teaching. Keywords: non-SPED teachers, teacher happiness, inclusive education, learners with disabilities, professional well-being, classroom engagement
Copyright (c) 2026 Lorna Rubio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sociocultural barriers and support mechanisms in inclusive education: Parents' lived experiences of learners with special needs
Learners with special needs continue to encounter multifaceted sociocultural barriers that constrain their educational participation and social inclusion. Despite legislative and policy frameworks supporting inclusive education, persistent societal misconceptions, cultural norms, and institutional limitations impede meaningful implementation. This phenomenological study examined parents’ perceptions of the barriers faced by their children and the support mechanisms that mitigate these challenges. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with five purposively selected parents from Agripino P. Santos Elementary School, Laoag City, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis. Findings revealed three interrelated domains of barriers: societal attitudes and misconceptions, including stigma, discrimination, and limited community acceptance; cultural and family norms, such as beliefs linking disability to shame or misfortune and communication constraints; and institutional and structural challenges, including under-resourced inclusive education and fragmented government support. Supportive interventions encompassed public awareness campaigns, inclusive educational programs, family empowerment initiatives, and policy reinforcement. Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the study underscores that disability inclusion constitutes a sociocultural process requiring coordinated, multi-level strategies across families, communities, schools, and institutions to translate rights-based policies into lived inclusion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xyza Faye Zuniga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Non-SPED teachers’ efforts to maintain and develop grit in an inclusive classroom, and challenges in sustaining grit
Grit, defined as sustained perseverance and passion for long-term goals, has been linked to teacher resilience and effectiveness, but its manifestation among non-SPED teachers in inclusive settings remains underexplored. This study examined how non-SPED teachers demonstrate grit, the factors that support it, and the challenges they encounter in sustaining it. A descriptive phenomenological approach was employed to capture the lived experiences of five non-SPED secondary teachers in Laoag City. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase thematic analysis. Findings revealed that non-SPED teachers demonstrate grit through perseverance in teaching, instructional adaptability, collaborative engagement, and student-centered motivation. Factors sustaining grit included personal dispositions, professional experience, training, supportive school environments, relational networks, and commitment to continuous learning. Challenges such as difficulties in managing diverse learning needs, limited training in inclusive pedagogy, heavy workload, time pressure, and extensive paperwork contribute to emotional exhaustion, reduced patience, and feelings of isolation. The study concludes that grit is a multidimensional, dynamic construct shaped by personal, professional, and contextual factors. Cultivating teacher grit through professional development, mentorship, institutional support, and policy interventions is essential to enhance teacher resilience, instructional effectiveness, and inclusive education outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 PEARL ANGELINE LIVED https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
General attitude of hotel, restaurant, and tourism students toward the course, future intention, and their academic engagement
The study aimed to examine the influence of HRT students' general attitude toward the course and their future intention on their academic engagement. To deepen the understanding of the study, the literature was reviewed. The study used a descriptive-correlational research design. The study population comprised all students in the Hotel, Restaurant, and Tourism course. The data was gathered using validated questionnaires. The study found that students' general attitude toward the course, future intention, and academic engagement were very high. The correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship among the general attitude toward the course, future intention, and academic engagement. Thus, the hypothesis is accepted. However, the study also recognized its limitations because of its limited coverage. It is necessary to expand the scope to include many other students from other SVD Colleges in Region I.
Copyright (c) 2026 George B. Raciles https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Promoting community support for learners with disabilities: A study on youth leaders' roles, practices, and challenges
Inclusive education extends beyond classrooms, requiring active community engagement to ensure participation and belonging for learners with disabilities. Youth leaders, particularly those in barangay and municipal governance, hold strategic positions to influence attitudes, mobilize resources, and promote inclusion. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of eight purposively selected youth leaders actively involved in community and educational programs in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase framework. Findings reveal that youth leaders conceptualize their roles as multifaceted—serving as advocates, bridge-builders, motivators, influencers, and facilitators of inclusive opportunities. Their practices include designing inclusive youth programs, policy advocacy through youth councils, partnerships with schools and social welfare offices, parental engagement, and social media-based awareness campaigns. Key challenges include limited disability awareness, inaccurate community data, parental apprehensions, accessibility constraints, and persistent social stigma. Participants emphasized the need for targeted capacity-building, inter-agency collaboration, accessibility support, and peer mentoring systems. This study highlights youth leaders as critical agents of community-based inclusive education and provides empirical evidence on grassroots strategies that can inform policy, youth leadership development, and sustainable inclusion initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamaila Aira Paguyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring the experiences of parents and strategies in managing behavioral challenges of learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and barriers
Parenting a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents unique challenges, particularly in managing behavioral difficulties that affect learning, social interactions, and family functioning. This study explored the lived experiences of ten purposively selected parents of learners with ASD in the Municipality of Flora, Province of Apayao, focusing on strategies employed and barriers encountered in behavior management. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase thematic framework. Results showed that learners with ASD commonly experience communication difficulties, emotional dysregulation, sensory sensitivities, and behavioral rigidity. Parents implemented structured routines, professional guidance, reinforcement techniques, and ongoing adaptation, yet challenges persisted, including maintaining consistency, managing sensory-triggered behaviors, and coping with stress. Despite these difficulties, parents exhibited resilience, patience, and commitment to their children’s development. Findings highlight the need for accessible parent training, strengthened school–home collaboration, and community-based support, and recommend that policymakers, educators, and practitioners develop context-sensitive, parent-centered programs to enhance caregiver capacity and improve behavioral outcomes for learners with ASD, particularly in rural settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aerol June Bagaoisan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Challenges faced by mothers of children with autism and coping strategies: A phenomenological approach
Caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents profound and multidimensional challenges that extend beyond the individual child to affect the entire family system, particularly mothers who serve as primary caregivers. Recognizing the limited local research exploring these lived experiences in rural Philippine settings, this study sought to understand the challenges faced and coping mechanisms employed by mothers of children with ASD. A descriptive phenomenological design was utilized to capture the lived realities of eight purposively selected mothers from the province of Apayao, Philippines. Data were gathered over two months through semi-structured interviews and online questionnaires, then analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase thematic analysis framework. Findings revealed that nearly all mothers experienced intertwined behavioral, emotional, and structural challenges, including persistent communication difficulties, emotional fatigue, and financial strain. Despite these adversities, participants exhibited resilience through faith-based coping, strong family and community support, adaptive caregiving routines, and self-care practices. These results, underscores that maternal adaptation is shaped by both individual agency and sociocultural context. These insights highlight the need for holistic, multi-level interventions that integrate psychosocial, faith-based, and community support systems to strengthen maternal well-being and improve developmental outcomes for children with ASD. Future research should explore broader family dynamics and policy support mechanisms to enhance inclusive care for families affected by autism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jenny Mercado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teachers’ insights about conducive learning environment for inclusive classroom and strategies shaping inclusive classroom: A phenomenological approach
Fostering inclusive classrooms requires intentional strategies that go beyond addressing individual learners, shaping teaching practices and the broader learning environment to support all students. This study explored how teachers conceptualize and cultivate conducive learning environments within inclusive classrooms. Using a phenomenological approach, eight purposively selected teachers from Tonoton Elementary School, Ilocos Norte, participated in semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed thematically to capture their lived experiences and perspectives. Findings reveal that teachers view conducive classrooms as multidimensional spaces that are physically and emotionally safe, value diversity and foster belonging, are well-structured and resource-rich, employ adaptive and learner-centered instruction, cultivate trust and community support, promote academic and socio-emotional growth, and demonstrate resilience through creative problem-solving. To achieve this, teachers employ interrelated practices such as tailoring instruction to diverse learner needs, fostering collaboration and trust, ensuring a safe and supportive environment, promoting inclusivity and respect, and leveraging institutional and community resources. The study underscores that effective inclusive classrooms emerge from context-sensitive, relational, and systemic practices, highlighting teachers’ pivotal role in translating inclusive policies into meaningful, equitable, and sustainable learning experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janine Keith Pablo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enablers, strategies, and challenges for effective parent–teacher communication in inclusive education settings: A phenomenological approach
This study examined the enablers, strategies, and challenges of effective parent–teacher communication within inclusive education, where collaboration between schools and families is essential to support learners with diverse needs. Using a descriptive phenomenological design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five parents and five teachers from selected inclusive public schools in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, and data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that enablers of effective communication included consistency, empathetic engagement, clarity of messages, shared responsibility, mutual respect, and proactive problem management, which fostered trust, collaboration, and meaningful partnerships between parents and teachers. To support these enablers, participants employed strategies that combined digital platforms, written communication tools, scheduled meetings, and face-to-face interactions, demonstrating flexibility, accessibility, and responsiveness to diverse parental needs and resources. Despite these efforts, several challenges persisted, including inconsistent updates, time constraints, limited access to technology, language and cultural differences, and emotional tension, which hindered equitable and timely communication. These findings underscore the importance of structured, relational, and technology-supported communication systems and provide actionable insights for school policies, professional development, and inclusive education practices at both local and national levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 ROGIE LUMBO JR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing parents’ capability of using Filipino Sign Language to communicate with hearing-impaired children: Basis for developing assistive videos for parents
Effective communication between parents and children who are hearing impaired remains a critical concern, as many parents lack the skills to support daily home and school interactions. This study developed Filipino Sign Language (FSL) Basic Survival instructional videos to enhance parents’ communication with their children. Using a Research and Development (R&D) design, 20 parents of children enrolled in SPED programs in Ilocos Norte participated. Data were collected via a needs assessment survey and a validation rating scale, and analyzed using mean scores with qualitative descriptions. Findings revealed limited proficiency in routine household and academic vocabulary but functional competence in caregiving, safety, hygiene, and emergency-related signs. Guided by these results, context-based FSL videos were developed to support daily interactions. Expert validation rated the materials as Very Highly Valid, confirming pedagogical soundness, technical quality, and accessibility. The study highlights the effectiveness of multimedia instructional tools in bridging parental FSL skill gaps, strengthening parent–child communication, promoting inclusive home and school environments, and recommends structured, ongoing FSL training for parents.
Copyright (c) 2026 GRACIELLE JOY ASUNCION https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring teachers’ classroom management strategies and challenges in inclusive Education
Effective classroom management is fundamental to the successful implementation of inclusive education; however, teachers often encounter difficulties in addressing diverse learner needs within a single classroom. Despite strong policy support for inclusive education, limited empirical evidence documents how teachers manage inclusive classrooms in practice and the challenges they face. Addressing this gap, the present study explored teachers’ classroom management practices in inclusive education and the contextual challenges influencing their implementation. Employing a qualitative descriptive case study design, the study involved eight teachers handling inclusive classrooms at Immaculate Conception Academy of Batac, Inc. Data were collected through open-ended written responses, with follow up interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns across participants’ experiences. The findings revealed that teachers employ structured and predictable learning environments, positive and supportive behavior management, flexible and differentiated instruction, collaborative engagement with parents and professionals, and individualized inclusive support strategies to manage diverse learners effectively. However, teachers also reported challenges related to complex learner needs, insufficient training, limited resources, time and workload pressures, and concerns regarding teacher well-being and home–school alignment, which constrain the consistent implementation of inclusive practices. The study underscores the need for targeted professional development, adequate institutional support, and sustained collaboration to strengthen inclusive classroom management. These findings contribute to the growing body of inclusive education research by providing context-based insights that inform teacher preparation, school policy, and classroom practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jhay Rom Fernandez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring different aspects of lesson planning for basic education that can be enhanced through the integration of ChatGPT and challenges
The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in education has reshaped instructional planning practices, particularly in lesson design and resource development. This descriptive phenomenological study explored the experiences of basic education teachers at Divine Word College of Laoag in integrating ChatGPT into lesson planning. Data were collected through open-ended questionnaires followed by a focused group discussion conducted via video conferencing with ten purposively selected teachers. Using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s framework, findings reveal that ChatGPT supports lesson planning by enhancing logical content organization, generating aligned instructional examples and activities, improving planning efficiency, and suggesting diverse teaching strategies. However, participants also reported challenges, including the generic nature of AI-generated content, limited contextual relevance to local curricula and learner needs, insufficient AI-related training, and concerns regarding over-dependence and loss of pedagogical autonomy. This study highlights teachers’ experiences using generative AI for lesson planning and emphasizes the need for teacher mediation, clear institutional guidelines, targeted training, and ethical use to ensure AI supports—not replaces—professional judgment. Keywords: ChatGPT, lesson planning, artificial intelligence in education, basic education, teacher experiences, descriptive phenomenology, generative AI
Copyright (c) 2026 Ria Mae Mateo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring the enablers of athletic success among deaf and mute learners in mainstream athletic programs
While inclusive education emphasizes equitable participation of learners with disabilities, limited empirical attention has been given to the athletic experiences of Deaf and Mute learners in mainstream secondary schools. This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study investigated the factors contributing to athletic success among ten Deaf and Mute learners enrolled in mainstream secondary schools in Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis. Results revealed two interrelated domains influencing athletic success. At the individual level, participants highlighted discipline, perseverance, resilience, and self-motivation as essential to sustained participation and performance. At the contextual level, heightened visual awareness supported skill development through observation and demonstration, while inclusive support mechanisms—such as adaptive coaching strategies, peer assistance, visual instructional materials, and basic sign language—facilitated effective communication, confidence, and engagement in sports activities. The study underscores the importance of inclusive, learner-responsive coaching practices and supports the development of policies that enhance accessibility and meaningful participation in school-based athletic programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wilson Jr. Galvezo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Levinasian view of child pornography and moral solution in the Philippine context
This paper critically argues that child pornography is an inherently evil phenomenon demanding an urgent and foundational moral solution derived from the ethics of Emmanuel Levinas. Emerging within complex socio-political landscapes, particularly in the Philippines, this pervasive exploitation represents a profound violation that utterly destroys a child's life possibilities. Utilizing textual and critical analysis, the research first details the historical emergence and escalating prevalence of child pornography, integrating recent empirical data and socio-political factors that perpetuate its growth. It then explicates Levinas's philosophy of infinite, non-reciprocal responsibility, demonstrating how his concepts of the 'Face' and 'totalization' prove the act's inherent evil and counter critiques of his philosophy as merely idealistic. The paper questions existing legal solutions as fundamentally weak in addressing this evil alone, advocating for Levinasian ethics as a paramount moral imperative. It concludes that only by embracing this radical responsibility can a truly ethical response be forged, fostering a collective moral consciousness to restore dignity and secure the boundless future of every child.
Copyright (c) 2026 Francis Jeus Ibañez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Social Communication in the Digital Age: An Ethical Reflection Based on Communio et Progressio
Abstract Digital communication technologies have profoundly transformed contemporary society, reshaping interpersonal relationships, cultural identity, and social structures. From early computing to the Internet, social media, and artificial intelligence, digital media have expanded opportunities for global connectivity, participation, and access to information. However, these developments also generate serious ethical challenges, including misinformation, surveillance, polarization, and the weakening of authentic human communion. This paper offers an ethical evaluation of digital communication in light of the Catholic Church’s pastoral instruction Communio et Progressio (1971). Grounded in a Trinitarian theology of self-giving love, the document understands communication as fundamentally oriented toward communio—the building of unity, truth, and the common good. By emphasizing shared freedom, moral responsibility, and the necessity of media education, Communio et Progressio provides an enduring framework for guiding ethical engagement within today’s digital culture. The study argues that digital communication can serve human flourishing only when rooted in truth, respect for human dignity, and solidarity. Ultimately, digital media participate—however imperfectly—in God’s own self-communication and must therefore be shaped toward authentic communion rather than fragmentation. Keywords: Digital Communication; Communication Ethics; Communio et Progressio; Social Media; Artificial Intelligence; Media Literacy; Human Dignity; Truth; Freedom; Communion; Common Good
Copyright (c) 2026 Kristianus Joyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0